Accurately measuring ship energy efficiency remains a major challenge as fuel consumption data often varies significantly between voyages. A new Energy Efficiency Navigational Index, combined with stochastic modelling and operational analytics, offers a more reliable evaluation framework, demonstrating measurable gains from weather routing and providing deeper insight into performance improvement opportunities.

Maritime Internet of Things technologies are enabling a new era of energy management through precise fuel monitoring, emissions measurement and real-time data acquisition. By integrating flow meters, continuous emissions monitoring and advanced reporting systems, operators can optimise performance, support regulatory compliance and unlock data-driven pathways to sustainability and operational efficiency.

Biofouling management is increasingly central to maritime decarbonisation, with hull condition directly influencing fuel consumption, emissions and Carbon Intensity Indicator performance. By evaluating antifouling technologies, in-water cleaning practices and environmental impacts, this research highlights the trade-offs between operational efficiency and ecosystem protection, guiding more balanced and sustainable vessel management strategies.